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Updated: Jan 2, 2026
External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
Published on: June 6, 2020
Risk factors for cervical ectopic pregnancy
Luis R Hoyos1, Sejal Tamakuwala2, Anupama Rambhatla3
1Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.
Objective:
To evaluate risk factors for cervical ectopic pregnancies.
Methods:
Retrospective, quasi-experimental case-control study of cervical ectopic pregnancy (CEP) cases from 2000-2013. Two groups were selected as controls, patients with tubal ectopic (TEP) and intrauterine pregnancies (IUP) without a history of TEP, matched by year of pregnancy and randomly sampled in a 1:3 case-control ratio per each study group.
Results:
21 cases were identified and 126 controls included, 63 TEP and IUP each. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze whether statistically significant preceding factors from a bivariate analysis could predict CEP. Compared to patients with IUP, CEP patients had a higher history of elective abortions, D&C and cervical excisional procedures, with a high effect size (>0.7). Compared to patients with TEP, CEP patients had a higher history of D&C and cervical excisional procedures, with a high effect size (>.7). The risk of CEP was significantly higher with a prior history of D&C compared to an IUP (aOR 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-9.1; p=0.04) and a TEP (aOR 6.1; 95% CI, 1.8-21.2; p=0.04).
Conclusion:
D&C is a strong risk factor for CEP when compared to pregnancies in other locations. These findings confirm previous associations described in case series.
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