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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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MAIT cell subtypes in multiple sclerosis.

Cecilie Ammitzbøll1, Marina R von Essen1, Helene Højsgaard Chow1

  • 1Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.

Journal of Neuroimmunology
|December 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, particularly Tc17-like MAIT cells, are reduced in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). These changes correlate with smoking, demyelination markers, and MS treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system.
  • Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a unique population of T cells involved in immune responses.
  • Alterations in immune cell populations are implicated in MS pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the frequencies and subtypes of circulating MAIT cells in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) compared to healthy controls (HC).
  • To explore associations between MAIT cell numbers, clinical parameters (smoking), and biomarkers (myelin basic protein) in PPMS.
  • To assess the impact of MS therapies (alemtuzumab, dimethyl fumarate) on MAIT cell populations.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry was used to quantify MAIT cells and their subtypes (CXCR3+, CCR6+) in peripheral blood of PPMS patients and HC.
  • Myelin basic protein (MBP) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured.
  • Clinical data, including smoking status and MS treatments, were collected.

Main Results:

  • Absolute numbers of MAIT cells and Tc17-like MAIT cells were significantly lower in PPMS patients compared to HC.
  • Lower frequencies of Tc17-like MAIT cells were associated with a history of smoking and elevated CSF MBP concentrations.
  • Treatment with alemtuzumab and dimethyl fumarate led to a decrease in MAIT cell frequencies.

Conclusions:

  • Specific MAIT cell subtypes are altered in PPMS, suggesting a role in disease pathology.
  • MAIT cell alterations are linked to key factors in MS, including smoking and demyelination.
  • Current MS therapies can modulate MAIT cell populations, warranting further investigation into their immunomodulatory effects.