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Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

Surgery for rotator cuff tears.

Teemu V Karjalainen¹, Nitin B Jain², Juuso Heikkinen³

¹Cabrini Institute and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 3144.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

|December 9, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Rotator cuff repair surgery offers little to no significant improvement in shoulder pain or function compared to non-operative treatments for rotator cuff tears. Further research with placebo controls is needed to confirm these findings.

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Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

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Last Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Evidence-based medicine
Surgical outcomes

Background:

Rotator cuff tears are a common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction.
Surgical repair is a frequently considered treatment option.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the benefits and harms of rotator cuff repair surgery.
To compare surgical repair with non-operative treatments for rotator cuff tears.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Searched multiple databases up to January 2019.
Included trials comparing rotator cuff repair with non-operative care.

Main Results:

Nine trials with 1007 participants were included.
Surgery showed little to no significant improvement in pain or function at one year.
Evidence quality was moderate to low due to bias and imprecision.

Conclusions:

Uncertainty remains regarding the clinical benefits of rotator cuff repair surgery.
Current evidence suggests surgery may not offer meaningful advantages over non-operative treatment.
Further high-quality trials with placebo controls are recommended.