Effect of c-Ski on atrial remodelling in a rapid atrial pacing canine model

Atrial fibrosis is an important factor in the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF); therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis may reveal promising therapeutic targets for AF. In this study, we successfully established a rapid atrial pacing canine model and found that the inducibility and duration of AF were significantly reduced by the overexpression of c-Ski, suggesting that this approach may have therapeutic effects. c-Ski was found to be down-regulated in the atrial tissues of the rapid atrial pacing canine model. We artificially up-regulated c-Ski expression with a c-Ski-overexpressing adenovirus. Haematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome and picrosirius red staining showed that c-Ski overexpression alleviated atrial fibrosis. Furthermore, we found that the expression levels of collagen III and α-SMA were higher in the groups of dogs subjected to right-atrial pacing, and this increase was attenuated by c-Ski overexpression. In addition, c-Ski overexpression decreased the phosphorylation of smad2, smad3 and p38 MAPK (p38α and p38β) as well as the expression of TGF-β1 in atrial tissues, as shown by a comparison of the right-atrial pacing + c-Ski-overexpression group to the control group with right-atrial pacing only. These results suggest that c-Ski overexpression improves atrial remodelling in a rapid atrial pacing canine model by suppressing TGF-β1-Smad signalling and p38 MAPK activation.