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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Balance and Mobility Performance Along the Alzheimer's Disease Spectrum.

Bora Yoon1, Seong Hye Choi2, Jee Hyang Jeong3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

Journal of Alzheimer'S Disease : JAD
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Summary

Balance impairments appear early in the Alzheimer

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseapolipoprotein Ecognitionfemalepostural balancesubjective cognitive decline

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Gerontology
  • Biomedical Science

Background:

  • Balance impairments are a frequent clinical manifestation in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia.
  • Understanding the onset and progression of these balance deficits across the AD spectrum is crucial for early intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To pinpoint the stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) at which balance impairments emerge.
  • To identify specific factors associated with the decline in balance function throughout the AD continuum.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 295 participants across four groups: cognitively normal (CN), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD dementia.
  • Balance and mobility were assessed using the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and the One-Leg Standing Test (OLST).
  • Statistical analyses adjusted for age, sex, cognitive status (MMSE-KC), depression, and BMI.

Main Results:

  • Balance and mobility test scores (TUG and OLST) significantly correlated with cognitive function (MMSE-KC).
  • TUG scores worsened progressively with increasing AD spectrum severity.
  • OLST scores demonstrated significant impairment starting in the subjective cognitive decline (SCD) group, even after adjusting for covariates. Subgroup analyses revealed balance impairments in SCD females and APOE ɛ4 carriers compared to controls.

Conclusions:

  • Balance and mobility deficits are linked to cognitive function and manifest as early as the subjective cognitive decline (SCD) stage of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Cognitively normal females and APOE ɛ4 carriers exhibit better balance and mobility compared to their counterparts with cognitive impairment along the AD spectrum.