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The many roads to and from multicellularity.

Karl J Niklas1, Stuart A Newman2

  • 1Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

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|December 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Multicellularity evolved multiple times independently. Its evolution involves three distinct phases: origination, integration, and autonomization, achieved uniquely across different lineages.

Keywords:
VolvoxAlgaeevolutionfungiland plantsmetazoansmultilevel selection theoryunicellular bottleneck

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Multicellularity has evolved multiple times, profoundly impacting life and ecosystems.
  • Key questions remain about whether these origins share a common ancestral predisposition or are independent events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements and challenges in understanding the evolution of multicellularity.
  • To emphasize insights from plants (including algae) while incorporating data from animals, fungi, and amoebozoans.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on genomic and biophysical factors.
  • Comparative analysis across diverse eukaryotic lineages.

Main Results:

  • The evolution of multicellularity is not a single event but a process.
  • Three conserved phases are identified: origination, integration, and autonomization.
  • These phases are realized through lineage-specific mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Multicellularity arose independently multiple times, driven by distinct evolutionary pathways.
  • Understanding the phases of multicellularity evolution offers a framework for comparative studies.