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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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The Retina01:32

The Retina

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards
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Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Published on: December 14, 2006

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How fast can raptors see?

Simon Potier1, Margaux Lieuvin2, Michael Pfaff2

  • 1Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund S-22362, Sweden sim.potier@gmail.com.

The Journal of Experimental Biology
|December 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Raptors

Keywords:
FalconFlicker fusion frequencyHawkRaptorTemporal resolutionVision

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative physiology
  • Avian vision
  • Sensory ecology

Background:

  • Raptors possess exceptional visual acuity for prey detection.
  • High temporal resolution is crucial for tracking fast-moving prey.
  • This aspect of raptor vision remains largely unstudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the visual processing speed in raptors.
  • To measure the flicker fusion frequency (Fff) across different raptor species.
  • To explore the relationship between visual temporal resolution and hunting strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Flicker fusion frequency (Fff) was measured in three raptor species.
  • Species included peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), saker falcon (Falco cherrug), and Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus).

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in Fff were observed among the species.
  • Peregrine falcons exhibited the highest Fff (≥129 Hz).
  • Saker falcons showed an Fff of 102 Hz, and Harris's hawks had an Fff of 81 Hz.

Conclusions:

  • Higher Fff in falcons correlates with their strategy of hunting fast-moving prey.
  • Lower Fff in Harris's hawks aligns with their slower prey targeting.
  • Visual temporal resolution appears linked to ecological niche and hunting behavior in raptors.