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Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots
Published on: January 13, 2023
Yu-Chen Sun1,2,3, Yimei Wan1,2,3, Ryan Nam1,2,3
1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Researchers developed a novel 4D material using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) plasticization for localized shape recovery. This innovation enables advanced 4D materials with controlled responses to environmental stimuli.
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