Graphene oxide-based experimental silane primers enhance shear bond strength between resin composite and zirconia

Despite various mechanical and chemical surface-pretreatment methods, long-term bonding of resin composite to dental zirconia (ZrO₂ ) remains a major concern. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) sheets were infused into two commercially available primers and the enclosed mould shear bond strength (EM-SBS) of resin composite to ZrO₂ was evaluated. Twelve fully sintered ZrO₂ blanks were pretreated and randomly allocated to four groups according to the primers used: RelyX (RX); GO blended RelyX (RXGO); Monobond-S (MB); and GO blended Monobond-S (MBGO). The resin composite stubs were bonded onto the pretreated ZrO₂ surfaces and analysed at baseline and after storage in distilled water for 2 and 4 months. The experimental primers blended with GO sheets influenced the surface morphology, visualized as increased surface roughness, and slightly increased the water contact angle measurements. Moreover, the infusion of primers with GO increased the mass fraction (wt%) of carbon and oxygen. The highest EM-SBS values were found for RXGO, with mean (SD) EM-SBS values of 26.4 (3.7) MPa and 21.5 (5.1) MPa after 2 and 4 months of storage, respectively. Infusion of silane primers with nanometre- to micrometre-size GO sheets enhanced the SBS between resin composite and ZrO₂ .