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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Metastasis02:30

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Updated: Jan 2, 2026

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Immune Checkpoint Blockade - How Does It Work in Brain Metastases?

Mihaela Lorger1, Tereza Andreou1, Christopher Fife1

  • 1Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
|December 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective against brain metastases (BrM) in melanoma patients. Further research is needed to optimize this therapy for brain tumors and understand its interaction with the immune system.

Keywords:
brain metastasesextracranial tumorimmune checkpointimmune responseimmunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Immune checkpoints regulate immune responses; their inhibition can activate anti-tumor immunity.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) like anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 have transformed cancer treatment, including metastatic melanoma.
  • Brain metastases (BrM) are common in various cancers and associated with poor prognosis due to limited therapeutic options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of immune checkpoint therapy in brain metastases.
  • To discuss the safety and efficacy of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies in BrM patients.
  • To explore the interplay between BrM, the systemic immune system, and extracranial tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical trials and scientific literature on immune checkpoint inhibitors in BrM.
  • Analysis of T cell activity and immune responses within the brain microenvironment.
  • Discussion of the cross-talk between brain tumors and the peripheral immune system.

Main Results:

  • Recent trials show that ICIs (anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4) are safe and demonstrate intracranial activity in BrM patients.
  • Previously excluded BrM patients now benefit from these immunotherapies.
  • Understanding T cell function is crucial for ICI efficacy in the brain.

Conclusions:

  • Immune checkpoint blockade is a viable and increasingly utilized therapy for brain metastases.
  • Further investigation is required to elucidate the complex interactions influencing ICI effectiveness in BrM.
  • Optimizing ICI therapy for BrM necessitates a deeper understanding of the neuro-immune-tumor axis.