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Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task
07:08

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task

Published on: December 5, 2025

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Cognitive Workload and Workload Transitions Elicit Curvilinear Hemodynamics During Spatial Working Memory.

Ryan McKendrick1,2, Amanda Harwood1,2

  • 1Northrop Grumman - Mission Systems, Falls Church, VA, United States.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|December 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Brain activity in the prefrontal cortex shows a cubic relationship with working memory load, impacting performance. Workload transitions disrupt this pattern, suggesting a link to cognitive process integration issues.

Keywords:
cognitive loadfNIRS (functional near infrared spectroscopy)mental workloadmental workload transitionsworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Factors Engineering

Background:

  • Optimizing performance in high-risk fields requires effective workload management.
  • Cognitive load significantly impacts task performance and safety.
  • Brain-based metrics, particularly prefrontal activity, are linked to mental workload states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between working memory load and prefrontal cortex activity.
  • To examine how transitions between cognitive load states affect performance and brain activity.
  • To hypothesize the impact of workload transitions on cognitive process integration.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed spatial working memory load using subjective, behavioral, and hemodynamic measures.
  • Utilized functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) changes in the prefrontal cortex.
  • Conducted two studies, including assessments of workload transitions and individual performer transition points.

Main Results:

  • A cubic function was identified between working memory load and oxygenated hemoglobin in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC).
  • Cognitive load state transitions led to deviations in behavioral measures.
  • Transitions significantly altered the cubic relationship between LDLPFC HbO and working memory load.

Conclusions:

  • Prefrontal cortex activity exhibits a nonlinear, cubic relationship with working memory load.
  • Workload transitions disrupt established cognitive load-brain activity patterns.
  • Workload transitions may disrupt the integration of cognitive processes, impacting performance.