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Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Published on: June 15, 2019

Current Controversies in Sepsis Management.

Stephanie R Moss^1,2, Hallie C Prescott^3,4

¹Department of Hospital Medicine, Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

|December 12, 2019

Summary

Early sepsis management involves prompt recognition and treatment. This review explores controversies in antibiotic timing, glucocorticoids, vitamin C, fluid resuscitation, and vasopressor use for sepsis and septic shock.

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Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

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Published on: February 20, 2021

Area of Science:

Critical Care Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Emergency Medicine

Background:

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.
Despite advances, significant controversies persist in optimizing sepsis and septic shock management.
Effective early management is crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

To address key areas of controversy in current sepsis and septic shock management strategies.
To review the latest evidence and expert opinions on debated treatment modalities.
To provide a framework for clinical decision-making in complex sepsis cases.

Main Methods:

Literature review of current evidence on five controversial topics in sepsis management.
Discussion of conflicting data and expert interpretations.
Presentation of a consensus-based approach to management for each controversial area.

Main Results:

Controversies identified include optimal antibiotic timing, glucocorticoid use, vitamin C therapy, intravenous fluid choice, and fluid-vasopressor balance.
Evidence for each topic is critically appraised, highlighting areas of uncertainty.
Current expert recommendations are outlined for each debated management strategy.

Conclusions:

Optimizing sepsis and septic shock care requires navigating complex and evolving treatment controversies.
Evidence-based decision-making, tailored to individual patient needs, is essential.
Further research is needed to resolve ongoing debates and refine management protocols.