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Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Spatial Temporal Analysis of Fieldwise Flow in Microvasculature
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Time, flow, and space.

Craig Callender1

  • 1Department of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093. ccallender@ucsd.eduwww.craigcallender.com.

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
|December 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A dual process theory may not fully explain the subjective experience of time. An alternative model is proposed, reducing the need for distinct cognitive processes and brain asymmetry between space and time.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Philosophy of time

Background:

  • The subjective experience of time's flow is a complex phenomenon.
  • Dual process theories are often invoked to explain cognitive functions.
  • Existing theories may posit significant brain asymmetries between space and time processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the explanatory power of temporal dual process theories for the perception of time.
  • To identify limitations in current dual process models of time perception.
  • To propose an alternative theoretical framework for understanding the flow of time.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of existing dual process theories.
  • Theoretical modeling of temporal perception.

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  • Comparative analysis of space and time processing in the brain.

    • Main Results:

    • A key shortcoming was identified in temporal dual process theories.
    • The proposed alternative theory avoids the necessity of dual cognitive processes.
    • The alternative model reduces the assumed stark asymmetry between space and time representation in the brain.

    Conclusions:

    • Temporal dual process theories may not be the optimal explanation for the subjective flow of time.
    • An alternative framework offers a more parsimonious explanation for time perception.
    • This revised perspective may necessitate a re-evaluation of neural representations of space and time.