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Updated: Jan 2, 2026

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS
Published on: February 21, 2011
Koichi Tsunoda1,2, Sho Hashimoto3, Hiroyuki Kuroda4
1Department of Otolaryngology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center.
This study investigates if substance P (SP) levels indicate glottal closure function in the elderly. Vocal exercises improved glottal closure and potentially increased SP, suggesting a link to better cough reflex and reduced aspiration pneumonia risk.
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