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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
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Interactions between Intestinal Microflora/Probiotics and the Immune System.

Chen-Xing Zhang1,2,3, Hui-Yu Wang4, Tong-Xin Chen1,3

  • 1Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

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|December 13, 2019
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Summary

The gut microbiome influences host immunity, impacting health and disease. This review explores interactions between gut microbes, probiotics, and the immune system for novel therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Host-Microbe Interactions

Background:

  • The digestive tract hosts a vast microbial community crucial for health.
  • Imbalances in gut microbiota can lead to inflammation and sepsis.
  • The immune system maintains a symbiotic relationship with gut microbes, ensuring homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex interactions between intestinal microflora/probiotics and the host immune system.
  • To explore the immunoregulatory functions of the gut microbiota.
  • To investigate novel therapeutic strategies based on these interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on gut microbiota and immune system interactions.
  • Analysis of studies on probiotics and their effects on immune homeostasis.
  • Synthesis of information on therapeutic applications and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • Gut microbiota plays a dual role: potential pathogen source and essential immune regulator.
  • Probiotics and microflora interact with the immune system to maintain host health.
  • Significant potential exists for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting these interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the gut microbiome-immune system axis is critical for health.
  • Targeting microbial and probiotic interactions offers promising therapeutic avenues.
  • Further research is needed to fully harness these interactions for novel treatments.