Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

16.1K
Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
16.1K
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

5.2K
The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
5.2K
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

3.7K
MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
3.7K
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

23.8K
MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
23.8K
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

2.5K
Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
2.5K
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

519
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
519

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Expression of eosinophil major basic protein and neutrophil elastase in nasal polyp tissue and secretion].

Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery·2008
Same author

[Effect of interferon-gamma on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C on Hep-2 laryngeal carcinoma cell lines].

Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery·2008
Same author

Effects of 18alpha-glycyrrhizin on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of glibenclamide in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

European journal of pharmacology·2008
Same author

[Inhibition of oxidative activity of myeloperoxidase by anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies from patients with microscopic polyangiitis].

Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences·2008
Same author

Gene delivery of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase prolongs cardiac allograft survival by shaping the types of T-cell responses.

The journal of gene medicine·2008
Same author

[Ultrasonographic findings of intussusception complicated by intestinal necrosis in children].

Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics·2008

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

An Adipocyte Cell Culture Model to Study the Impact of Protein and Micro-RNA Modulation on Adipocyte Function
09:20

An Adipocyte Cell Culture Model to Study the Impact of Protein and Micro-RNA Modulation on Adipocyte Function

Published on: May 4, 2021

4.1K

Palmitic Acid Induces MicroRNA-221 Expression to Decrease Glucose Uptake in HepG2 Cells via the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4

Fang Huang1, Jie Chen1, Jingwen Wang1

  • 1School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Xueyuan Road 1, Minghou District, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China.

Biomed Research International
|December 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High fatty acid levels, like palmitic acid, increase miR-221, which impairs glucose uptake in liver cells. This suggests miR-221 is a potential target for treating obesity-related insulin resistance.

More Related Videos

Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes
08:03

Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes

Published on: June 25, 2017

20.6K
An In Vitro Protocol for Evaluating MicroRNA Levels, Functions, and Associated Target Genes in Tumor Cells
09:45

An In Vitro Protocol for Evaluating MicroRNA Levels, Functions, and Associated Target Genes in Tumor Cells

Published on: May 21, 2019

8.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 2, 2026

An Adipocyte Cell Culture Model to Study the Impact of Protein and Micro-RNA Modulation on Adipocyte Function
09:20

An Adipocyte Cell Culture Model to Study the Impact of Protein and Micro-RNA Modulation on Adipocyte Function

Published on: May 4, 2021

4.1K
Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes
08:03

Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes

Published on: June 25, 2017

20.6K
An In Vitro Protocol for Evaluating MicroRNA Levels, Functions, and Associated Target Genes in Tumor Cells
09:45

An In Vitro Protocol for Evaluating MicroRNA Levels, Functions, and Associated Target Genes in Tumor Cells

Published on: May 21, 2019

8.8K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Obesity is linked to insulin resistance and elevated free fatty acids, key factors in type 2 diabetes development.
  • The precise role of high plasma-free fatty acid concentrations in this process remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of palmitic acid on glucose uptake and related molecular pathways in HepG2 cells.
  • To determine the role of microRNA-221 (miR-221) in mediating palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance.

Main Methods:

  • HepG2 cells were treated with palmitic acid (PA) to assess changes in glucose uptake, gene expression, and miR-221 levels.
  • Luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm the binding of miR-221 to phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) mRNA.
  • miR-221 mimics were transfected into cells to evaluate its impact on the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Main Results:

  • Palmitic acid significantly reduced glucose uptake and decreased the mRNA expression of PI3K, AKT, and GLUT4.
  • PA treatment elevated the expression of insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) and miR-221.
  • miR-221 was confirmed to bind to PI3K mRNA, inhibiting PI3K expression and suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Palmitic acid induces insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by upregulating miR-221, which inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway and reduces glucose uptake.
  • miR-221 emerges as a potential therapeutic target for managing obesity-induced insulin resistance.