[Nephrologists' role in a changing climate]

Human-induced climate changes represent an increasing concern in recent years. Among the medical specialties, Nephrology is the most interested in the negative effects of climate changes on human health. Kidneys in fact play a crucial role in blood volume regulation as well as in the extra- and intracellular osmolality that allow normal metabolism. Furthermore, urinary concentration minimizes fluid losses, while also insuring the excretion of nitrogenous wastes. The harmful effects of heat can lead to both acute and chronic kidney diseases, electrolyte abnormalities, kidney stone formation and urinary tract infections. As global warming increases, major efforts are required worldwide to assure adequate hydration and prevent overheating in vulnerable populations. While our activities make us responsible agents, there are also several opportunities to change the game, both individually and as a scientific society. This call to action intends to raise awareness on environmentally sustainable practices and encourage the nephrology community in Italy to participate in this important discussion.