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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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The key difference between Superficial Vein Thrombosis (SVT) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) lies in their location and severity.Clinical ManifestationsSVT typically presents with localized pain, tenderness, and redness along the course of a superficial vein, often accompanied by a palpable, cord-like structure under the skin. This condition is usually less dangerous than DVT but can be uncomfortable and may lead to complications such as cellulitis or, rarely, a clot extension into the deep...
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DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Calcification Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models
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Diagnostic Tests for Vascular Calcification.

Edward R Smith1, Tim D Hewitson1, Stephen G Holt1

  • 1Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.

Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
|December 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vascular calcification (VC) detection faces challenges due to imaging limitations and non-specific biomarkers. Current clinical guidelines offer weak recommendations for VC testing in chronic kidney disease patients.

Keywords:
BiomarkersCardiovascular diseaseDiagnosticsImagingVascular calcification

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Nephrology
  • Biomedical Imaging

Background:

  • Vascular calcification (VC) is a complex process influenced by various factors, affecting different arterial layers and beds.
  • Clinical assessment of VC primarily uses imaging, but current methods have limitations in spatial resolution and sensitivity.
  • Serum biomarkers for VC lack specificity and cannot differentiate pathological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the limitations of current vascular calcification detection methods.
  • To discuss the challenges in diagnosing and managing VC in clinical practice, particularly in chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • To highlight the need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for VC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical and clinical studies on vascular calcification.
  • Analysis of various in vivo and ex vivo techniques for VC assessment.
  • Evaluation of noninvasive and invasive imaging modalities and serum biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Existing imaging techniques struggle to differentiate medial from intimal VC and detect microcalcifications.
  • Serum biomarkers lack the specificity required for accurate VC pathology assessment.
  • Uncertainties in sensitivity, specificity, and cause-effect relationships lead to weak clinical recommendations for VC testing.

Conclusions:

  • Current VC testing modalities have significant limitations impacting clinical utility.
  • There is a lack of evidence-based protocols for VC diagnosis and treatment, especially in CKD.
  • Despite VC being linked to cardiovascular risk in CKD, routine screening is not recommended due to diagnostic uncertainties.