Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction
Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations
Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care
Chronic Kidney Disease IV: Nursing Management
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction
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Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
Published on: May 31, 2016
Vincent M Brandenburg1, Alexander Schuh2, Rafael Kramann3
1Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Rhein-Maas Klinikum, Würselen, Germany.
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience accelerated cardiovascular calcification, particularly aortic valve stenosis. This calcification significantly impacts morbidity and mortality, necessitating close monitoring and timely intervention for renal patients.
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