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Related Concept Videos

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes

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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
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Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Folliculogenesis01:20

Folliculogenesis

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Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
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Follicular lymphoma.

Antonino Carbone1, Sandrine Roulland2, Annunziata Gloghini3

  • 1Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano IRCCS, Aviano, Italy. acarbone@cro.it.

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Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a B cell cancer. While largely indolent, identifying high-risk patients is crucial for developing targeted therapies and improving outcomes in the rituximab era.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a common non-Hodgkin lymphoma originating from germinal center B cells.
  • It accounts for approximately 5% of hematological neoplasms and 20-25% of new non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnoses.
  • FL has an indolent course, but a subset of patients experiences disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of follicular lymphoma.
  • To discuss the epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, classification, and treatment of FL.
  • To highlight the need for identifying high-risk patients for tailored therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on follicular lymphoma.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data.
  • Discussion of current and emerging treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Outcomes for FL have improved significantly in the rituximab era, with over 80% of patients surviving beyond 10 years.
  • Various treatment options exist for relapsed FL, including chemoimmunotherapy, PI3K inhibitors, and lenalidomide plus rituximab.
  • Epigenetic and cellular immunotherapies show promise for future treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Follicular lymphoma is a complex malignancy with a generally favorable prognosis, but risk stratification is essential.
  • Advances in treatment, including novel agents and immunotherapies, are expanding therapeutic options.
  • Further research is needed to identify patients who may benefit from alternative therapies beyond the current standard of care.