Phytosynthesis of BiVO₄ nanorods using Hyphaene thebaica for diverse biomedical applications

Biosynthesis of bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) nanorods was performed using dried fruit extracts of Hyphaene thebaica as a cost effective reducing and stabilizing agent. XRD, DRS, FTIR, zeta potential, Raman, HR-SEM, HR-TEM, EDS and SAED were used to study the main physical properties while the biological properties were established by performing diverse assays. The zeta potential is reported as - 5.21 mV. FTIR indicated Bi-O and V-O vibrations at 640 cm^-1 and 700 cm^-1/1120 cm^-1. Characteristic Raman modes were observed at 166 cm^-1, 325 cm^-1 and 787 cm^-1. High resolution scanning and transmission electron micrographs revealed a rod like morphology of the BiVO₄. Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Fusarium solani indicated highest susceptibility to the different doses of BiVO₄ nanorods. Significant protein kinase inhibition is reported for BiVO₄ nanorods which suggests their potential anticancer properties. The nanorods revealed good DPPH free radical scavenging potential (48%) at 400 µg/mL while total antioxidant capacity of 59.8 µg AAE/mg was revealed at 400 µg/mL. No antiviral activity is reported on sabin like polio virus. Overall excellent biological properties are reported. We have shown that green synthesis can replace well established processes for synthesizing BiVO₄ nanorods.