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Related Concept Videos

The Endocrine System01:29

The Endocrine System

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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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An Overview of the Endocrine System01:10

An Overview of the Endocrine System

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The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
The endocrine system collaborates...
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Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Pathology.

Scott M Belcher1, J Mark Cline2, Justin Conley3

  • 1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Toxicologic Pathology
|December 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Research on endocrine active substances (EAS) and reproductive toxicity has grown significantly, revealing broader impacts beyond reproduction. These chemicals can affect nervous, immune, and metabolic systems, highlighting complex ecotoxicological challenges.

Keywords:
endocrine disruptersenvironmental toxicologyfish pathologyhormonal carcinogenesisnonhuman primatereproductive systemrodent pathology

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Area of Science:

  • Ecotoxicology
  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Increased awareness of chemical impacts on wildlife and humans has driven research into endocrine active substances (EAS).
  • Understanding of endocrine system complexity and interactions with xenobiotics has expanded significantly over the past two decades.
  • Growing recognition of potential adverse effects from environmental chemical perturbations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expanding landscape of ecotoxicological research focused on endocrine active substances (EAS) and reproductive toxicity.
  • To highlight the evolving understanding of EAS impacts beyond traditional reproductive and thyroid endpoints.
  • To discuss the complexities and challenges in current EAS research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature and investigations over the past 20 years.
  • Analysis of research trends in ecotoxicology concerning endocrine disruption.
  • Examination of the interplay between xenobiotic agents and endocrine systems.

Main Results:

  • EAS research has expanded beyond reproductive and thyroid effects to include impacts on nervous, immune, and metabolic systems.
  • Complexities such as novel receptors, alternate pathways, chemical mixtures, cytotoxicity differentiation, and transgenerational effects are key research challenges.
  • Anthropomorphic substances are increasingly recognized for their roles in metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Conclusions:

  • Ecotoxicological research on EAS has broadened significantly, reflecting a deeper understanding of endocrine system interactions.
  • The scope of endocrine disruption is now understood to encompass multiple organ systems and metabolic processes.
  • Further research is needed to address the complexities of chemical mixtures, transgenerational effects, and differentiating endocrine disruption from cytotoxicity.