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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

9.7K
Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation
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Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation

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Optimizing immunotherapy for gynecologic cancers.

Maria M Rubinstein, Vicky Makker

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    Immuno-oncology shows limited success in advanced gynecologic cancers, except for specific endometrial and cervical cases. Novel combination strategies are needed to improve patient outcomes.

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    Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Gynecologic Cancer
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    Area of Science:

    • Gynecologic Oncology
    • Immunotherapy
    • Cancer Genomics

    Background:

    • Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is transforming solid tumor treatment.
    • However, its efficacy in advanced gynecologic cancers remains limited.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review recent clinical advancements in immuno-oncology for advanced gynecologic cancers.
    • To highlight ongoing research and identify future directions in the field.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current clinical trials and therapeutic outcomes.
    • Analysis of genomic and immunophenotypic data in gynecologic malignancies.

    Main Results:

    • Limited efficacy of CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 inhibitors in most gynecologic cancers.
    • Pembrolizumab shows promise in MSI-high/dMMR endometrial and PD-L1-positive cervical cancers.
    • Combination therapy with pembrolizumab and lenvatinib approved for MSS/pMMR advanced endometrial cancer.

    Conclusions:

    • Development of novel, rational ICB combinatorial approaches is crucial.
    • Improved biomarkers are needed to identify patients who will benefit most from immunotherapy.
    • Integration of immuno-oncology with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiation is essential for comprehensive cancer management.