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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty
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Senotherapeutics for HIV and aging.

Matthew A Szaniawski1, Adam M Spivak

  • 1University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
|December 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Chronic HIV infection accelerates aging and age-related diseases through cellular senescence. New senotherapeutic drugs targeting senescent cells offer potential treatments for these aging processes in HIV patients.

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection leads to accelerated aging and increased risk of end-organ damage and non-AIDS malignancies.
  • The aging HIV-1-positive population necessitates the development of therapies targeting age-related conditions.
  • Cellular senescence, a state of stable cell cycle arrest with chronic inflammation, contributes to age-related diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of chronic, treated HIV infection and its role in accelerated aging.
  • To evaluate recent research on aging and senescence in the context of HIV.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting senescence for HIV-associated aging.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on HIV, aging, and senescence.

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  • Analysis of studies investigating cellular senescence in HIV infection.
  • Evaluation of senotherapeutics (senolytics and senomorphics) for age-related diseases.

    • Main Results:

    • HIV-1 infection is linked to accelerated physiologic aging and a senescence-like phenotype.
    • Both immune and non-immune cells contribute to the senescent phenotype in HIV.
    • Senotherapeutics, including senolytics and senomorphics, are emerging as potential treatments for aging-related diseases.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding HIV's role in aging is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
    • Eliminating senescent cells may mitigate accelerated aging in individuals with HIV.
    • Senotherapeutics hold promise for managing age-related complications in the context of chronic HIV infection.