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Related Concept Videos

Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Complementation Tests00:49

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
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Language Development01:22

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Encoding01:19

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism
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The acquisition of compositional meaning.

Petra Hendriks1

  • 1Center for Language and Cognition Groningen, University of Groningen, Oude Kijk in 't Jatstraat 26, 9712 EK Groningen, The Netherlands.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|December 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Children

Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • The principle of compositionality suggests sentence meaning derives from parts and syntax.
  • Children's language acquisition challenges this, showing syntax isn't always primary.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how children create sentence meaning.
  • Examine the role of syntax versus other cues in meaning acquisition.
  • Explore production-comprehension asymmetries in child language.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of child language acquisition data, focusing on sentence interpretation.
  • Comparison of children's production and comprehension abilities.
  • Theoretical modeling of meaning composition.
Keywords:
compositionalitylanguage acquisitionperspective takingproduction–comprehension asymmetries

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Main Results:

  • Children often prioritize non-syntactic cues over grammatical structure for meaning.
  • Production-comprehension asymmetries (e.g., word order) are common.
  • Meaning composition may be viewed as a coordination process between speakers and listeners.

Conclusions:

  • Syntax may not hold a privileged position in meaning composition.
  • Compositionality might be better understood as a result of perspective-taking and coordination.
  • Understanding child language acquisition offers insights into general meaning creation.