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Mycobacterium chimaera infections: An update.

Niccolò Riccardi1, Jacopo Monticelli2, Roberta Maria Antonello3

  • 1Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy; StopTB Italia Onlus, Milan, Italy.

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy
|December 18, 2019
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Summary

Mycobacterium chimaera infections, often following heart surgery, pose a serious risk. Early diagnosis and tailored antibiotic therapy are crucial for managing this opportunistic pathogen acquired during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Mycobacterium chimaera, an opportunistic pathogen, causes infections, particularly respiratory illnesses, in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Disseminated Mycobacterium chimaera infections post-cardiothoracic surgery have risen globally in the past decade.
  • Contaminated heater-cooler units during cardiopulmonary bypass are a source of infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of Mycobacterium chimaera infections.
  • To focus on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management after cardiothoracic surgery.
  • To highlight microbiological characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Mycobacterium chimaera infections.
  • Analysis of clinical case reports and epidemiological data.
  • Synthesis of current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Infections often present with non-specific symptoms and have a long latency period.
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment are challenging but vital to prevent life-threatening outcomes.
  • Antibiotic therapy must be guided by drug susceptibility testing.

Conclusions:

  • Mycobacterium chimaera poses a significant postoperative risk following cardiothoracic procedures.
  • Careful evaluation for revision surgery and individualized antibiotic regimens are essential.
  • Enhanced surveillance and infection control measures for heater-cooler units are warranted.