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Related Concept Videos

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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The Mammary Glands01:12

The Mammary Glands

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The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Intravital Subcellular Microscopy of the Mammary Gland
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Patterns of prolactin secretion.

Hollian R Phillipps1, Siew H Yip1, David R Grattan1

  • 1Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|December 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This review explores prolactin secretion, a complex hormone with diverse functions. It details prolactin

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Prolactin exhibits pleiotropic effects, influencing numerous tissues.
  • Anterior pituitary prolactin secretion is regulated by complex hypothalamic-pituitary networks, unlike other pituitary hormones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review prolactin secretion patterns in males and females.
  • To examine prolactin secretion across reproductive cycles in mammals with varying luteal phases and in seasonal breeders.
  • To highlight prolactin's role during pregnancy and lactation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on prolactin secretion.
  • Analysis of prolactin secretion patterns across different species and physiological states.
  • Synthesis of data on hormonal regulation and adaptive functions.
Keywords:
LactationPregnancyProlactinProlactin receptor

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Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 1, 2026

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Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland
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Main Results:

  • Prolactin secretion patterns vary significantly between sexes and across reproductive cycles.
  • Pregnancy and lactation involve distinct changes in prolactin secretion.
  • Prolactin demonstrates diverse adaptive functions in key physiological states.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding prolactin's complex regulation is crucial due to its pleiotropic nature.
  • Prolactin plays vital, adaptive roles in reproduction, pregnancy, and lactation.
  • Further research into prolactin's multifaceted functions is warranted.