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A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae

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Receding ice drove parallel expansions in Southern Ocean penguins.

Theresa L Cole^1,2, Ludovic Dutoit¹, Nicolas Dussex^3,4

¹Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|December 18, 2019

Summary

Climate shifts dramatically altered Southern Ocean ecosystems. Population genomic analyses reveal penguin species expanded postglacially, demonstrating ecosystem-wide responses to past climate change and suggesting future shifts.

Keywords:

Last Glacial Maximum Sphenisciformes climate change genomics refugia

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Published on: October 26, 2019

Area of Science:

Ecology and evolutionary biology
Climate science
Genomics

Background:

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are critical for global climate regulation.
The ecological impacts of climate-driven sea ice changes in this region are not well understood.
Past climate shifts are hypothesized to have caused significant biological changes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate demographic shifts in Southern Ocean species in response to past climate change.
To test the hypothesis that sea ice reduction after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) drove biological shifts.
To analyze population genomic data from penguin species to infer demographic histories.

Main Methods:

Analysis of population genomic datasets from three penguin genera (Eudyptes, Pygoscelis, Aptenodytes).
Demographic modeling to detect population expansions and contractions linked to climate events.
Comparison of demographic histories between ice-affected and ice-free penguin populations.

Main Results:

Genetic signatures indicate near-simultaneous population expansions in multiple penguin species following postglacial warming.
Ice-adapted emperor penguins expanded slightly earlier than species needing ice-free terrain.
Penguin species persisting in ice-free habitats during the LGM showed stable or declining demographic histories.
Limited genetic structure suggests rapid postglacial colonization and recent gene flow in ice-affected species.

Conclusions:

Past Southern Ocean climate change induced dramatic, ecosystem-wide ecological responses.
Penguin population dynamics are strongly linked to sea ice conditions and climate variability.
Continued warming may lead to further ecological shifts in the Southern Ocean.