Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 1, 2026
Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
Published on: May 31, 2021
Measurement invariance across gender and age in the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a Spanish general
Manuel Pulido-Martos1, María Dolores Fernández-Sánchez1, Esther Lopez-Zafra2
1Department of Psychology, Universidad de Jaén, Campus las Lagunillas S/N, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
Purpose:
This study examines the adjustment of different equivalent measurement models for the factorial structures of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), which have shown a good fit to data from the general population. Furthermore, we examine measurement invariance (MI) based on gender and age.
Method:
A total of 1011 Spanish individuals (52.40% female) completed the CD-RISC.
Results:
The results indicated that the 10-item single-factor model was the only model that fit the data. Significant latent mean differences showed that the levels of resilience among women were significantly lower than those among men. Regarding age, uniform MI was confirmed, showing the homogeneity of the population.
Conclusions:
Our exhaustive review of the extant published studies that address factor analyses and gender and age differences demonstrates that the results vary greatly. Furthermore, our model test comparison finds that the 10-item model is the best in the Spanish population. Moreover, men show higher resilience than women, while age is not a decisive variable, most likely showing that life events are more important than these demographic variables.
More Related Videos
09:00Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
Published on: August 16, 2024
06:15A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents
Published on: July 10, 2017
Related Concept Videos
01:30Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development
01:26Longitudinal Studies
01:29Reliability and Validity
01:17Two-Way ANOVA
The two-way ANOVA analysis initially begins by stating the null hypothesis that there is an interaction effect between the two factors of a dataset. This effect can be visualized using line segments formed by joining the...
01:29Measures of Intelligence
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. An intelligence test should accurately assess intelligence rather than another characteristic, like anxiety. Criterion validity is one way to evaluate this;...
02:20Longitudinal Research