Risk-based breast cancer screening strategies in women

The incidence of breast cancer continues to increase worldwide. Population-based screening is available in many countries but may not be the most efficient use of resources, thus interest in risk-based/stratified screening has grown significantly in recent years. An important part of risk-based screening is the incorporation of mammographic density (MD) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) into risk prediction models to be combined with classical risk factors. In this article, we discuss different measures of MD and risk prediction models that are available. Risk-stratified screening options including supplemental or alternative screening modalities including digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), automated ultrasound (ABUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are discussed, as well as potential risk-based interventions (diet and lifestyle, chemoprevention and risk-reducing surgery). Furthermore, we look at risk feedback in practice and the cost-effectiveness and acceptability of risk-based screening, highlighting some of the current challenges.