Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

333
Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
333
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

395
IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
395
Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management

326
Aortic regurgitation (AR) is when the aortic valve does not close or seal properly, leading to backward blood circulation from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. Common causes of AR include rheumatic heart disease, congenital valve defects, and aortic root dilation. Managing AR requires a multifaceted approach to alleviate symptoms, preserve left ventricular function, and address the underlying cause of the regurgitation. Patients with symptomatic AR or significant left...
326
Aortic Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management01:17

Aortic Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management

232
A nurse managing a patient with aortic regurgitation begins with a comprehensive assessment, including a review of the patient's medical history, family history, and lifestyle factors. During the cardiac examination, the nurse listens for heart sounds and checks for signs of valve abnormalities. The nurse also observes for symptoms such as dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and assesses the patient's endurance and daily activity tolerance.Based on the findings, the nurse...
232
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

3.8K
Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
3.8K
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

1.7K
Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be...
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Atrial cardiomyopathy as a multidomain disease: longitudinal evidence for autonomic remodelling.

Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology·2026
Same author

Indications, protocols, and interpretation of cardiovascular imaging for the evaluation and management of athletes: a clinical consensus statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) of the ESC: Part 1-Exercise imaging.

European journal of preventive cardiology·2026
Same author

Indications, protocols, and interpretation of cardiovascular imaging for the evaluation and management of athletes: a clinical consensus statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) of the ESC: Part 1-Exercise imaging.

European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging·2026
Same author

Determination of Second Metabolic Threshold and Maximal Lactate Steady State using Sweat-Inferred Blood Lactate in Active Individuals and Athletes.

Medicine and science in sports and exercise·2026
Same author

Absolute versus change in pulmonary vascular resistance in relation to European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society risk change in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

JHLT open·2026
Same author

Blood biomarkers and atrial remodeling in patients at risk of atrial fibrillation.

Frontiers in molecular medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Full-root Aortic Valve Replacement by Stentless Aortic Xenografts in Patients with Small Aortic Roots
12:17

Full-root Aortic Valve Replacement by Stentless Aortic Xenografts in Patients with Small Aortic Roots

Published on: May 21, 2017

11.7K

Aortic root remodelling in competitive athletes.

Marc Abulí1, Gonzalo Grazioli2, Maria Sanz de la Garza1

  • 1Cardiovascular Institute, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain.

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
|December 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Allometric scaling provides size-independent aortic root measurements for athletes, aiding in early detection of aortic pathologies. Reference values are larger in male athletes compared to females.

Keywords:
Sports cardiologyathletesechocardiographypre participation screeningsports

More Related Videos

Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement
14:14

Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement

Published on: December 11, 2017

14.5K
Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents
07:26

Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents

Published on: July 14, 2021

5.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Full-root Aortic Valve Replacement by Stentless Aortic Xenografts in Patients with Small Aortic Roots
12:17

Full-root Aortic Valve Replacement by Stentless Aortic Xenografts in Patients with Small Aortic Roots

Published on: May 21, 2017

11.7K
Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement
14:14

Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement

Published on: December 11, 2017

14.5K
Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents
07:26

Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents

Published on: July 14, 2021

5.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Sports Medicine
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Aortic dilatation cut-off limits in athletes, especially large individuals, remain debated.
  • The allometric scaling model is established for size-independent cardiovascular measurements in the general population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate allometric scaling for aortic root measurements in competitive athletes.
  • To establish reference values for aortic root dimensions in athletes.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 2083 competitive athletes (2012-2015) undergoing pre-participation screening.
  • Calculated beta exponents for height and body surface area, assessing a common exponent for both genders.
  • Utilized echocardiogram data to analyze aortic root dimensions.

Main Results:

  • Indexed aortic root dimensions showed weak correlation with height and body surface area scaling.
  • Absolute aortic root dimensions were significantly higher in male athletes compared to females (p < 0.001).
  • Sex differences in aortic root size persisted after allometric scaling.

Conclusions:

  • Provided size-independent aortic root dimension values using allometric scaling in a large athlete cohort.
  • Aortic root dimensions are larger in male athletes than female athletes, even after scaling.
  • Indexed aortic reference ranges are valuable for early detection of aortic pathologies in athletes.