Dimensions of posttraumatic growth in a German-speaking sample using mixed methods

Background: Highly adverse events can shatter fundamental assumptions about one's self and the expected course of life actuating a process of adjustment regarding new appraisals. This struggle in the aftermath of adversity might yield posttraumatic growth (PTG), which refers to positive transformation within the person. PTG is a concept that has been established within a Western cultural framework and has both universal and culture-specific characteristics. Although across cultures individuals perceive benefits from their struggles with life crises, the nature of PTG might be coloured by cultural factors. Objective: This study aimed to identify aspects of PTG in a German-speaking sample (Austria and Germany) that are unique to this individualistic culture and not yet covered by the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Method: We used a convergent parallel mixed methods design. In sum, 188 German-speaking adults were recruited via snowball sampling. They reported on their worst experience ever and completed the PTGI, and 54 participants detailed in open-ended questions possible positive changes additionally to the questionnaire. Results: The existing growth dimensions of the German PTGI were confirmed by participants' qualitative statements. Additionally, qualitative data analysis revealed the elaboration of two PTGI dimensions, and the emergence of two new domains: (1) 'lessons learned', which involves newfound knowledge about oneself and one's life, and (2) 'processing of adversity with potential growth experiences', which illustrates the tightrope walk of growth. Conclusions: The results support Tedeschi and Calhoun's model of the process and outcomes of PTG. By including qualitative methodology this study contributed to (1) revealing culture-specific growth experiences (i.e. different sub-forms of individualism were identified), and (2) underscoring the importance of 'potential growth' so that further promotion of growth is possible at an early stage of processing adversities.