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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, or CMRI, is a non-invasive diagnostic test that employs a magnetic field and radiofrequency waves to create precise images of the heart and arteries. It provides comprehensive information about cardiac anatomy, function, perfusion, and tissue characterization without ionizing radiation.IndicationsCMRI diagnoses various heart conditions, including tissue damage from heart attacks, ischemic heart disease, myocarditis, aortic issues (tears, aneurysms,...
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Apical variant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy "multimodality imaging evaluation".

Gary Huang1, Shaimaa A Fadl2, Stan Sukhotski3,4

  • 1Department of Cardiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
|December 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Apical variant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM) is diagnosed using echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and CT. Recognizing specific imaging patterns aids in accurate diagnosis and avoids unnecessary tests.

Keywords:
ApicalApical variant hypertrophic cardiomyopathyCTEchoMyocardial hypertrophyPET/CTRadiology

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Apical variant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM) involves asymmetric left ventricular (LV) apex hypertrophy.
  • EKG findings include T wave inversions and LV hypertrophy (LVH).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review imaging features of AHCM across various modalities.
  • To assess the diagnostic value of each imaging modality for AHCM.

Main Methods:

  • Echocardiography with contrast for LV apex visualization.
  • Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for tissue characterization and LGE sequences.
  • Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) for coronary arteries and cardiac anatomy.
  • Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) for characteristic patterns like "Solar Polar" map.

Main Results:

  • Echocardiography defines AHCM by LV apex wall thickness (≥ 15 mm) or apical-to-basal ratio (≥ 1.3).
  • CMR identifies myocardial scarring via LGE.
  • CCT assesses coronary arteries and cardiac structure.
  • MPI reveals specific patterns in AHCM, aiding diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate recognition of AHCM imaging patterns is crucial for diagnosis.
  • Utilizing appropriate imaging modalities can prevent unnecessary investigations.