Developments, applications, and prospects of cryo-electron microscopy.

Area of Science:

• Structural Biology
• Biophysics
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a powerful technique for determining the three-dimensional structures of biomacromolecules.
• Significant advancements in cryo-EM have transformed the field of structural biology.
• Understanding cryo-EM is crucial for researchers in various life science disciplines.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).
• To discuss the principles, characteristics, history, current status, workflow, and challenges associated with cryo-EM.
• To explore emerging trends, including cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), and future prospects of cryo-EM.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of the literature on cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).
• Analysis of the historical development and current state of cryo-EM technology.
• Discussion of the workflow and common issues encountered in cryo-EM experiments.

Main Results:

• Cryo-EM has undergone substantial development, leading to a revolution in structural biology.
• The review details the fundamental principles and practical aspects of cryo-EM.
• Emerging applications and future directions, such as cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), are highlighted.

Conclusions:

• Cryo-EM offers a comprehensive understanding of biomacromolecular structures.
• Future prospects include improved resolution, efficiency, analysis of small proteins, and applications in drug development.
• This review provides valuable insights into the evolving landscape of cryo-EM and its impact.