[Optimization of the Parameters for Microalgae Immobilization and Analysis of Its Recovery Potential for Ammonia...

Application of microalgae in wastewater treatment is regarded as a potential green technology. However, its engineering application has been largely hindered because of the difficulty of biomass separation and harvesting. This study aimed to identify the key parameters influencing the process of microalgae immobilization. To do this, the study focused on immobilization technology and Scenedesmus obliquus, and employed the response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box-Behnken design (BBD). In an evaluation of the performance of microalgae beads, the fixing agent concentration, the cross-linking agent concentration, and the cross-linking time were selected as the independent variables, and the mechanical strength, the mass transfer rate, and the growth rate of immobilized microalgae beads were the response values. The optimal conditions and the uptake potential of the microalgae beads with respect to ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) were further explored and analyzed. The results showed that the optimal parameters for the preparation of immobilized microalgae beads were 5%, 2%, and 16 h, and the maximum removal capacity was obtained using mixotrophic cultivation with an embedding density of 1×10⁶ cells·mL^-1 and an organic matter concentration of 300 mg·L^-1. In addition, the removal capacity of immobilized microalgae with respect to high concentrations of NH₄⁺-N was significantly higher than for free-living microalgae. When the initial concentrations of NH₄⁺-N were approximately 50 and 70 mg·L^-1, NH₄⁺-N was removed by the immobilized microalgae (after a 5-day mixotrophic cultivation) at a rate of (96.6±0.1)% and (65.2±4.5)%, respectively. With an initial NH₄⁺-N concentration of 30 mg·L^-1, the dominance of free-living microalgae was clear, with a removal rate of (97.8±0.6)% after a 3-day cultivation. However, under heterotrophic cultivation, the removal rate of NH₄⁺-N by immobilized microalgae was generally low and gradually decreased with increasing concentrations. When the initial concentration was approximately 30 mg·L^-1, the removal rate was only (49.0±3.1)%. This study provides new prospects for sustainable urban wastewater treatment, a new approach for resource recycling, and a strong theoretical foundation for the popularization and application of microalgae in wastewater treatment.