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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

3.0K
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
3.0K
Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

10.6K
Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
10.6K
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

924
A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
924

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
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Comparing Forced-Air to Resistive-Polymer Warming for Perioperative Temperature Management: A Retrospective Study.

Brian L Lupo1, Shawn B Collins2, Ian Hewer3

  • 1Advocate Aurora Health, Sheboygan, WI.

Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses
|December 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Forced-air warming (FAW) devices resulted in higher patient temperatures during surgery compared to resistive-polymer heating blankets (RHBs). While FAW showed a trend toward fewer hypothermic patients, no definitive causal link to hypothermia incidence was established.

Keywords:
anesthesiaforced-air warminginadvertent perioperative hypothermiaresistive-polymer heating blanketsthermoregulation

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Perioperative Medicine
  • Patient Safety

Background:

  • Maintaining normothermia during surgery is crucial for patient outcomes.
  • Various warming devices are used, but their comparative efficacy requires ongoing evaluation.
  • Hypothermia can lead to adverse events, including increased blood loss and delayed recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of forced-air warming (FAW) and resistive-polymer heating blankets (RHBs) in perioperative temperature management.
  • To analyze intraoperative temperature trends and hypothermia incidence between the two warming methods.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, quasi-experimental study design.
  • Analysis of data from 426 non-spine orthopedic surgery patients.
  • Comparison of outcomes between patients warmed with FAW (n=119) and RHBs (n=307).

Main Results:

  • Forced-air warming was associated with significantly higher final intraoperative temperatures (P=.001).
  • No significant difference in overall hypothermia incidence was observed between FAW and RHBs.
  • Patients initially hypothermic showed a lower incidence of end-of-surgery hypothermia with FAW (P=.023).

Conclusions:

  • Forced-air warming demonstrates a greater ability to elevate final intraoperative temperatures compared to resistive-polymer heating blankets.
  • While FAW may contribute to more normothermic patients, a direct causal relationship with reduced hypothermia incidence requires further investigation.
  • Both methods play a role in perioperative temperature management, with FAW showing potential advantages in achieving higher temperatures.