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Generation of Retinaldehyde for Retinoic Acid Biosynthesis.

Olga V Belyaeva1, Mark K Adams2, Kirill M Popov1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Biomolecules
|December 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Maintaining optimal all-trans-retinoic acid levels is vital for health. This review explores the enzymes and mechanisms controlling its precursor, all-trans-retinaldehyde, crucial for retinoic acid biosynthesis.

Keywords:
embryogenesisretinaldehyderetinaldehyde reductaseretinoic acidretinolretinol dehydrogenaseshort-chain dehydrogenasevitamin A

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), a vitamin A derivative, is essential for physiological processes.
  • Imbalances in ATRA concentration, either deficiency or excess, are detrimental to developing and adult tissues.
  • ATRA is synthesized via irreversible oxidation of all-trans-retinaldehyde, necessitating strict control of the precursor's levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on enzymes involved in all-trans-retinaldehyde production.
  • To discuss the enzymatic properties and tissue distribution of relevant retinol dehydrogenases.
  • To explore potential regulatory mechanisms controlling the flux from retinol to retinaldehyde.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on retinol dehydrogenases and retinoic acid biosynthesis.
  • Analysis of enzymatic properties and tissue expression data for key enzymes.
  • Discussion of proposed regulatory pathways for retinol to retinaldehyde conversion.

Main Results:

  • Identified key retinol dehydrogenases responsible for producing all-trans-retinaldehyde.
  • Characterized enzymatic properties and tissue-specific distribution of these dehydrogenases.
  • Highlighted gaps in understanding the precise control mechanisms for retinaldehyde homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Retinol dehydrogenases play a critical role in regulating all-trans-retinaldehyde levels for ATRA synthesis.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms controlling retinaldehyde homeostasis.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for addressing retinoid-related physiological dysfunctions.