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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Computational model of a synovial joint morphogenesis.

Andrés Felipe Carrera-Pinzón1, Kalenia Márquez-Flórez2,3,4, Reuben H Kraft5,6

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology
|December 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a computational model for joint morphogenesis, integrating mechanical and biochemical factors. The model successfully predicted realistic joint shapes, highlighting the critical roles of both environments in skeletal development.

Keywords:
Cartilage growthDevelopmentFinite element methodsJointJoint developmentJoint morphogenesisSynovial joints

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanical Engineering
  • Developmental Biology
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Joint shape is crucial for smooth bone movement, but the process of joint morphogenesis remains poorly understood.
  • Previous models focusing solely on mechanical forces did not fully replicate realistic joint geometries.
  • Understanding joint development is key to addressing skeletal abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a computational model explaining joint morphogenesis and ossification center formation.
  • To investigate the combined influence of mechanical and biochemical factors on joint development.
  • To simulate the formation of realistic joint structures.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a computational model incorporating mechanical (hydrostatic and shear stress) and biochemical (PTHrP, Wnt) factors.
  • Modeled cartilage growth regulation by mechanical stresses and molecular signaling.
  • Incorporated osteogenic index and PTHrP-Ihh concentrations to simulate ossification center appearance.

Main Results:

  • The model successfully predicted a coherent final shape for an interphalangeal joint.
  • Results indicate that cartilage growth is promoted by cyclic hydrostatic stress and inhibited by octahedral shear stress.
  • Simulated molecular pathways (PTHrP, Wnt) and ossification factors (osteogenic index, PTHrP-Ihh) influenced joint shaping.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical and biochemical environments are essential and interconnected factors in joint morphogenesis.
  • The developed model provides a framework for understanding the complex interplay of forces and molecules in skeletal development.
  • This integrated approach offers insights into achieving realistic anatomical joint shapes.