Locally-secreted interleukin-6 is related with radiological severity in smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) has been identified as a substantial public health threat and diagnostic challenge. A large proportion of patients exhibit negative smear tests despite active infection. The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology and clinical severity of PTB remains a controversial question. We evaluated the pattern of cytokines presents locally in patients with smear-negative PTB. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) from patients with smear-negative PTB, as well as in those with other pulmonary diseases and controls, were performed by flow cytometry. ROC curve and a radiological severity scale were used to establish the potential diagnosis use and the relationship of the cytokine levels with disease severity, respectively. The levels of IL-6 were higher in the PTB (P = 0.0249) and pneumonia (P = 0.0047) groups compared to controls. Low to undetectable levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 were found in BALf, even after sample concentration using filtration columns and centrifugation. IL-6 levels measured in BALf could distinguish PTB patients or pneumonia patients from controls (AUC: 0.91, P = 0.002 and AUC: 0.86, P = 0.001, respectively), but not patients with PTB from those with pneumonia (AUC: 0.51, P = 0.86). IL-6 levels were related with the severity of PTB, as levels were higher in patients with higher radiological severity. These results confirm the importance of IL-6 in the immunopathology of smear-negative PTB.