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Fault Types

Fault Types

When analyzing a single line-to-ground fault from phase A to ground at a three-phase bus, it is important to consider the fault impedance. This impedance is zero for a bolted fault, equal to the arc impedance for an arcing fault, and represents the total fault impedance for a transmission-line insulator flashover. To derive sequence and phase currents, fault conditions are translated from the phase domain to the sequence domain.
For line-to-line faults occurring between phases B and C, the...

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Elastic collision of a system demands conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy. To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects, the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy can be used. For the two objects, the sum of momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision. An elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals...

Bus Impedance Matrix

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Calculating subtransient fault currents for three-phase faults in an N-bus power system involves using the positive-sequence network. When a three-phase short circuit occurs at a specific bus, the analysis uses the superposition method to evaluate two separate circuits.
In the first circuit, all machine voltage sources are short-circuited, leaving only the prefault voltage source at the fault location. The positive-sequence bus impedance matrix can be determined by solving the nodal equations,...

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Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...

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Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

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Train Traffic as a Powerful Noise Source for Monitoring Active Faults With Seismic Interferometry.

F Brenguier¹, P Boué¹, Y Ben-Zion²

¹ISterre, Université Grenoble Alpes Gières France.

Geophysical Research Letters

|December 24, 2019

Summary

Seismic noise from trains can act as a powerful seismic source. This method allows for daily monitoring of fault zones, like the San Jacinto Fault, at depths of up to 4 km.

Keywords:

body waves earthquakes monitoring seismic interferometry vehicle traffic seismic noise

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Area of Science:

Geophysics
Seismology
Earthquake Science

Background:

Detectable seismic velocity changes near fault zones precede earthquakes.
Monitoring natural faults at seismogenic depths with active seismic sources is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the use of ambient seismic noise from traffic as a repetitive seismic source.
To develop a novel method for continuous seismic monitoring of fault zones.

Main Methods:

Utilizing seismic noise generated by heavy freight trains as a powerful, repetitive seismic source.
Applying signal correlation techniques to reconstruct seismic body waves.
Conducting an exploratory seismic experiment in Southern California.

Main Results:

Demonstrated the feasibility of using train-generated seismic signals to probe the Earth's crust.
Achieved daily reconstruction of direct P body waves.
Successfully probed the San Jacinto Fault down to a depth of 4 km.

Conclusions:

Train-generated seismic noise offers a viable and powerful method for continuous seismic monitoring.
This approach could enable widespread monitoring of fault systems, including the San Andreas Fault, using existing infrastructure.