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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Planctomycetes are a group of morphologically distinct bacteria predominantly classified into two orders: Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. These gram-negative bacteria exhibit unique features, including division by budding and the presence of stalks or appendages. Their cells are often found in rosette arrangements, and they are notable for possessing an S-layer in their cell envelope, which is relatively uncommon among bacteria. Additionally, Planctomycetes frequently exhibit intracellular...
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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Anammox and beyond.

J Gijs Kuenen1

  • 1Environmental Biotechnology Section, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.

Environmental Microbiology
|December 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This research highlights the discovery and study of the anammox process, a key microbial pathway for ammonium removal in wastewater and a significant part of the marine nitrogen cycle. The anammoxosome organelle plays a crucial role in this process.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Microbial Ecology
  • Biogeochemical Cycles

Background:

  • Early research focused on sulphur-oxidizing bacteria and their ecological niches.
  • Investigated applications of bacteria for sulphide removal from wastewater.
  • Explored broader nitrogen removal processes, including nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the discovery and early research of the anammox process.
  • To describe the challenges in cultivating and identifying anammox bacteria.
  • To summarize the understanding and applications of the anammox process.

Main Methods:

  • Cultivation and identification of peculiar bacteria.
  • Characterization of the anammoxosome organelle.

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  • Investigating the role of hydrazine as an intermediate.

    • Main Results:

    • Discovery of the anammox process for anaerobic ammonium oxidation.
    • Identification of the anammoxosome as the site of ammonium oxidation.
    • Recognition of anammox bacteria's widespread presence and importance in marine nitrogen cycling.

    Conclusions:

    • The anammox process is a significant microbial pathway for nitrogen removal.
    • Anammox bacteria and their unique organelle are crucial for global nitrogen cycling.
    • Continued research and collaboration have advanced the understanding and application of anammox technology.