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Updated: Jan 1, 2026
Combining Augmented Reality and 3D Printing to Display Patient Models on a Smartphone
Published on: January 2, 2020
Virtual, augmented, and mixed reality applications in orthopedic surgery
Jens T Verhey1, Jack M Haglin1, Erik M Verhey2
1Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona.
Background:
Innovation in computer-assisted surgery (CAS) aims to increase operative accuracy and improve safety by decreasing procedure-related complications. The application of reality technologies, to CAS has begun to revolutionize orthopedic training and practice.
Methods:
For this review, relevant published reports were found via searches of Medline (PubMed) data base using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: "virtual reality" or "augmented reality" or "mixed reality" with "orthopedics" or "orthopedic surgery" and all relevant reports we utilized.
Results:
Trainees now have authentic and highly interactive operative simulations without the need for supervision. The practicing orthopedic surgeon is better able to pre-operatively plan and intra-operatively navigate without the use of fluoroscopy, gain access to three-dimensional reconstructions of patient imaging, and remotely interact with colleagues located outside the operating room.
Conclusion:
This review provides a current and comprehensive examination of the reality technologies and their applications in Orthopedic surgery.
