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Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway01:17

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Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
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Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER01:32

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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum01:21

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER is a sub-organelle with specialized functions in animal cells and plant cells. It is often associated with the tubule morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

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Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
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Ascorbic Acid Route to the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Function and Role in Disease.

Diego Pozzer1, Roberto William Invernizzi1, Bert Blaauw2,3

  • 1Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS, Milan, Italy.

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
|December 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is essential for health, and its deficiency causes scurvy. This review explores how vitamin C transporters regulate cellular levels, impacting ER homeostasis and disease.

Keywords:
ascorbic acidendoplasmic reticulum stresshydroxylation of collagenscurvyskeletal muscle

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Humans cannot synthesize vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AscH2), making dietary intake crucial.
  • Ascorbic acid deficiency leads to scurvy and other diseases, impacting cellular functions.
  • Intracellular ascorbic acid levels are regulated by specific transporters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review vitamin C transporters and their role in regulating intracellular concentrations.
  • To discuss the function of ascorbic acid within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
  • To explore disease phenotypes associated with ER vitamin C depletion.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular mechanisms and disease pathologies.
  • Analysis of transporter functions in cellular uptake and organelle localization.
  • Pharmacokinetic considerations of oral versus intravenous administration.

Main Results:

  • Vitamin C transporters are critical for maintaining cellular and organelle ascorbic acid levels.
  • Ascorbic acid is essential for ER homeostasis, acting as a cofactor for collagen hydroxylases.
  • ER stress and disease can arise from impaired vitamin C transport or increased ER oxidation.

Conclusions:

  • Intracellular vitamin C deficiency stems from dietary limitations, transport issues, and ER hyperoxidation.
  • Understanding vitamin C transport is key to addressing deficiency-related diseases.
  • Intravenous administration may be necessary for achieving therapeutic plasma concentrations in clinical trials.