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Comparing Life Histories across Taxonomic Groups in Multiple Dimensions: How Mammal-Like Are Insects?

Adam T Bakewell, Katie E Davis, Robert P Freckleton

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    Life-history variation in grasshoppers and crickets shows a fast-slow continuum, but "slow" species lay larger egg clutches. This pattern is more reptile-like than mammal-like, questioning the universal relevance of life-history theories.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Ecology
    • Zoology

    Background:

    • Life-history variation is complex, with multiple theories and paradigms.
    • The fast-slow continuum is an influential concept in life-history theory, often exemplified by mammals.
    • Testing life-history hypotheses in insects is challenging due to incomplete trait data.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the utility of life-history concepts across taxonomic groups by comparing life histories in multidimensional space.
    • To test hypotheses like the fast-slow continuum in Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets).
    • To generate complete data sets of life-history traits using phylogenetic imputation.

    Main Methods:

    • Phylogenetic imputation was used to generate complete data sets for seven life-history traits in Orthoptera.
    • Three phylogenetic principal components were calculated to explain data variation.
    • The robustness of imputations was examined for findings.

    Main Results:

    • Three phylogenetic principal components explained 83%-96% of the variation in Orthopteran life-history traits.
    • Evidence for a fast-slow continuum axis was found, with a notable exception: "slow" species produced larger egg clutches.
    • Principal axes of variation in Orthoptera were mutually explanatory with those of reptiles, mammals, and birds.

    Conclusions:

    • Trait covariation in Orthoptera, particularly larger clutches in "slow" species, resembles reptiles more than mammals or birds.
    • The fast-slow continuum appears less pronounced in Orthoptera compared to birds and mammals.
    • The universal relevance of the fast-slow continuum pattern and its predictive theories may be reduced.