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Related Concept Videos

Capillarity in Fluid01:19

Capillarity in Fluid

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Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...
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Free Jet01:14

Free Jet

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Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:
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Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline01:30

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Bernoulli's equation relates the energy conservation in a fluid moving along a streamline. The equation applies to incompressible and inviscid fluids under steady flow. For such a flow, Newton's second law is applied to a small fluid element, which experiences forces due to pressure differences, gravity, and velocity variations. The force balance leads to the following form of Bernoulli's equation:
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Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline01:16

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline

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Bernoulli's equation for flow normal to a streamline explains how pressure varies across curved streamlines due to the outward centrifugal forces induced by the fluid's curvature. The pressure is higher on the inner side of the curve, near the center of curvature, and decreases outward to balance these centrifugal forces.
The pressure difference depends on the fluid's velocity and radius of curvature. The pressure variation is minimal in flows with nearly straight streamlines. However, the...
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Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest01:11

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

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In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
When measuring pressure at two different levels within the fluid, the difference in...
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Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube01:18

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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Related Experiment Video

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Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow
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Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

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Evolution of Gaussian wave packets in capillary jets.

F J García1, H González2, F J Gómez-Aguilar1

  • 1Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Virgen de África, 7, 41011-Sevilla, Spain.

Physical Review. E
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Summary

This study analyzes Gaussian wave packets in capillary jets using linear and nonlinear models. Findings reveal predictable evolution of jet deformation, enabling control over breakup location and pinch-off.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Wave propagation

Background:

  • Capillary jets exhibit complex dynamics, influenced by wave packet evolution.
  • Understanding Gaussian wave packet behavior is crucial for predicting jet breakup.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the temporal evolution of Gaussian wave packets in cylindrical capillary jets.
  • To compare linear and nonlinear models for jet dynamics.
  • To investigate the control of jet breakup characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Linear two-mode formulation and a 1D nonlinear numerical scheme.
  • Numerical evaluation and approximation of inverse Fourier transforms.
  • Experimental analysis of a 2-mm water jet with perturbed exit velocity.

Main Results:

  • Consistent results between linear and nonlinear models in applicable stages.
  • Prediction of Gaussian-shape deformation with drifting wave number, increasing bell width, and growing amplitude.
  • Experimental validation of predicted parameters and control over jet breakup.

Conclusions:

  • Gaussian wave packets evolve predictably in capillary jets.
  • The study demonstrates control over jet breakup location and pinch-off simultaneity.
  • Findings offer insights into fluid dynamics and wave phenomena in jets.