Peptides encoded by noncoding genes: challenges and perspectives

In recent years, noncoding gene (NCG) translation events have been frequently discovered. The resultant peptides, as novel findings in the life sciences, perform unexpected functions of increasingly recognized importance in many fundamental biological and pathological processes. The emergence of these novel peptides, in turn, has advanced the field of genomics while indispensably aiding living organisms. The peptides from NCGs serve as important links between extracellular stimuli and intracellular adjustment mechanisms. These peptides are also important entry points for further exploration of the mysteries of life that may trigger a new round of revolutionary biotechnological discoveries. Insights into NCG-derived peptides will assist in understanding the secrets of life and the causes of diseases, and will also open up new paths to the treatment of diseases such as cancer. Here, a critical review is presented on the action modes and biological functions of the peptides encoded by NCGs. The challenges and future trends in searching for and studying NCG peptides are also critically discussed.