A 3D Printed Hanging Drop Dripper for Tumor Spheroids Analysis Without Recovery

Compared with traditional monolayer cell culture, the three-dimensional tumor spheroid has emerged as an essential in vitro model for cancer research due to the recapitulation of the architecture and physiology of solid human tumors. Herein, by implementing the rapid prototyping of a benchtop 3D printer, we developed a new strategy to generate and analyze tumor spheroids on a commonly used multi-well plate. In this method, the printed artifact can be directly mounted on a 96/384-well plate, enables hanging drop-based spheroid formation, avoiding the tedious fabrication process from micromechanical systems. Besides long-term spheroid culture (20 days), this method supports subsequent analysis of tumor spheroid by seamlessly dripping from the printed array, thereby eliminating the need for spheroids retrieval for downstream characterization. We demonstrated several tumor spheroid-based assays, including tumoroid drug testing, metastasis on or inside extracellular matrix gel, and tumor transendothelial (TEM) assay. Based on quantitative phenotypical and molecular analysis without any precarious retrieval and transfer, we found that the malignant breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell aggregate presents a more metastatic morphological phenotype than the non-malignant breast cancer (MCF-7) and colonial cancer (HCT-116) cell spheroid, and shows an up-regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) relevant genes (fold change > 2). Finally, we validated this tumor malignancy by the TEM assay, which could be easily performed using our approach. This methodology could provide a useful workflow for expediting tumoroid modeled in vitro assay, allowing the "Lab-on-a-Cloud" scenario for routine study.