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Related Concept Videos

Sound Intensity00:58

Sound Intensity

4.6K
The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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Sound Intensity Level00:53

Sound Intensity Level

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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
The human ear can perceive an extensive range of sound intensity, necessitating the use of the logarithmic scale to define a physical quantity—the intensity level. It is a ratio of two intensities and...
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Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

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The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
Unlike the time average of a sinusoidal term, which is zero since it is positive...
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Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves01:22

Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves

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The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a plane electromagnetic wave with E0 and B0 as the peak electric and magnetic fields and traveling along the x-axis, the time-varying energy flux can be given by the following equation:
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Bandpass Sampling01:17

Bandpass Sampling

442
In signal processing, bandpass sampling is an effective technique for sampling signals that have most of their energy concentrated within a narrow frequency band. This type of signal is known as a bandpass signal. The key principle of bandpass sampling involves sampling the signal at a rate that is greater than twice the signal's bandwidth to prevent aliasing.
A bandpass signal has a spectrum with a lower frequency limit, denoted as ω1, and an upper frequency limit, denoted as ω2....
442
Doppler Effect - II01:05

Doppler Effect - II

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The Doppler effect has several practical, real-world applications. For instance, meteorologists use Doppler radars to interpret weather events based on the Doppler effect. Typically, a transmitter emits radio waves at a specific frequency toward the sky from a weather station. The radio waves bounce off the clouds and precipitation and travel back to the weather station. The radio frequency of the waves reflected back to the station appears to decrease if the clouds or precipitation are moving...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle
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Intensity-only inverse scattering with MUSIC.

Arnold D Kim, Chrysoula Tsogka

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
    |December 25, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a novel inverse scattering technique using only intensity measurements. The method reconstructs object locations and shapes by converting intensity data into interferometric measurements, proving effective for 3D imaging.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Applied Mathematics
    • Electrical Engineering

    Background:

    • Inverse scattering problems typically require complex-valued field measurements.
    • Intensity-only measurements are simpler to acquire but lack phase information, limiting reconstruction capabilities.
    • Existing methods struggle with limited data diversity and high object densities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an inverse scattering method using only intensity measurements.
    • To overcome the limitations of intensity-only data through enhanced data diversity.
    • To accurately reconstruct the location and shapes of multiple objects in a 3D imaging region.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing intensity-only measurements of scattered fields on a single plane.
    • Employing diverse incident fields across multiple experiments to increase data diversity.

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  • Applying the polarization identity to convert intensity data into reference-wave interferometric measurements.
  • Adapting the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm for interferometric data analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully recovered the location and shapes of multiple objects using the proposed method.
    • Demonstrated robustness to noise under conditions of high data diversity and moderate object volume.
    • Presented 3D image reconstructions using simulated data generated by the Method of Fundamental Solutions.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed inverse scattering method is effective for 3D imaging using intensity-only measurements.
    • Sufficient data diversity is crucial for overcoming the inherent limitations of intensity measurements.
    • The technique shows promise for applications requiring non-invasive imaging of scattering objects.