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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial in immunity, found in body fluids and influencing immune responses. Their cargo and release are affected by genetics and environment, impacting health and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by cells, containing proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
  • EVs are present in all body fluids, indicating significant roles in physiological and pathological processes.
  • Factors like genetics and environment influence EV composition and release, affecting immune system function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of EVs in immune development and function across different life stages.
  • To discuss how EVs contribute to immune activation and inflammation, particularly under pathological conditions.
  • To explore the impact of bacterial-derived EVs on host immunity, distinguishing between pathogenic and commensal effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on extracellular vesicle biogenesis, cargo, and function.
  • Analysis of EV roles in immune development, homeostasis, and disease.
  • Examination of bacterial extracellular vesicle (outer membrane vesicles and membrane vesicles) interactions with host immunity.

Main Results:

  • Increased plasma EV levels in pathological conditions exacerbate immune activation and inflammation.
  • EVs play critical roles in immune development from prenatal stages through aging.
  • Bacterial EVs differentially modulate host immunity: pathogenic bacterial EVs promote inflammation, while probiotic bacterial EVs promote tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular vesicles are key mediators of intercellular communication with profound impacts on the immune system.
  • Understanding EV dynamics and functions is essential for diagnosing and treating immune-related disorders.
  • Bacterial EVs represent a significant factor in shaping host immune responses, offering potential therapeutic avenues.