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Chloroviruses.

James L Van Etten1, Irina V Agarkova1, David D Dunigan1

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, USA.

Viruses
|December 28, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chloroviruses are large DNA viruses infecting green algae. Their complex genomes encode numerous unique proteins, prompting detailed biochemical and structural studies.

Keywords:
NCLDVsPhycodnaviridaealgal viruseschlorovirusesgiant viruses

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Area of Science:

  • * Virology
  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Biochemistry

Background:

  • * Chloroviruses are large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that infect chlorella-like green algae (zoochlorellae).
  • * These algae are often mutualistic endosymbionts of protists and metazoans.
  • * Chloroviruses are widespread in freshwater environments, with high titers observed globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the genomic content and protein diversity of chloroviruses.
  • * To understand the structural and functional significance of novel viral proteins.
  • * To explore the biochemical properties of chloroviral components.

Main Methods:

  • * Genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis to identify viral genes.
  • * Protein expression and purification for biochemical assays.
  • * Structural biology techniques (e.g., X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM) for protein structure determination.

Main Results:

  • * Chlorovirus genomes range from 290 to 370 kb, encoding 330 to ~415 proteins and up to 16 tRNAs.
  • * Viral genomes contain genes for enzymes involved in DNA modification, biosynthesis (hyaluronan, chitin, polyamines), ion transport, and glycan synthesis.
  • * Many encoded proteins are among the smallest of their class, with several not previously observed in viruses.
  • * The internal membrane is essential for viral infectivity, and major capsid glycoproteins undergo glycan synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • * Chloroviruses possess exceptionally large and complex genomes for viruses.
  • * The diverse protein repertoire suggests unique biological functions and evolutionary adaptations.
  • * Novel viral proteins are critical for understanding viral replication and host interactions.
  • * Ongoing structural and biochemical investigations aim to elucidate the functions of these unique viral proteins.